Legal Canadian Smoking Age by Province and Territory

Lawful Canadian Smoking Age by Province and Territory The lawful smoking age in Canada is the age at which an individual is permitted to purchase tobacco items, including cigarettes. The legitimate smoking age in Canada is set by every area and domain in Canada. Purchasing tobacco is part pretty much uniformly between age 18 and age 19 across Canadas areas and domains: Lawful Smoking Age in the Provinces and Territories of Canadaâ Alberta - 18British Columbia - 19Manitoba - 18New Brunswick - 19Newfoundland and Labrador - 19Northwest Territories - 18Nova Scotia - 19Nunavut - 18Ontario - 19Prince Edward Island - 19Quebec - 18Saskatchewan - 18Yukon Territory - 18 Selling tobacco is firmly managed in many regions. In Ontario, for example, the vender, whose age isn't managed, must demand recognizable proof from any individual who seems, by all accounts, to be more youthful than 25 years of age, and the dealer must establish that the imminent purchaser is at any rate 19 years of age before offering tobacco items to that individual. Smoking Is Banned in Indoor Public Spaces Starting at 2010, all regions and territories and the government have authorized moderately reliable enactment restricting open smoking in their locales. The enactment bans smoking in indoor open spaces and work environments, for example, cafés, bars, and gambling clubs. The governments boycott applies to bureaucratic work environments and to governmentally controlled organizations, for example, air terminals. There is developing help for raising the base lawful smoking age to 21â across the nation to make access to tobacco increasingly troublesome and pack down tobacco-related sickness and deaths. About 37,000 individuals pass on in Canada consistently from a smoking-related ailment. The Movement to Raise Legal Smoking Age to 21 The central government recommended in mid 2017 moving the lawful smoking age to 21. Theâ idea of raising the base smoking age was advanced in a Health Canada paper considering approaches to arrive at a 5 percent national smoking rate by 2035. In 2017, it remained at 13 percent. The central government is apparently not precluding the chance of raising the base smoking age to 21. The expectation is attempt to lessen the quantity of youngsters getting the propensity. Government Health Minister Jane Philpott said, It’s time to test existing known limits. What are those following stages? We’ve put out some intense thoughts, things like raising the period of access. Things like placing limitations as far as multiperson residences. We need to hear what Canadians think about those [ideas].† Disease Society Supports Raising the Minimum Age The Canadian Cancer Societyâ says itâ supports setting a government smoking age of 21. Burglarize Cunningham, a senior arrangement expert with the general public, says he thinks raising the smoking age is a certainty and refers to a recent report by the US National Institute of Medicine, which proposes that raising the legitimate smoking age to 21 could drop the smoking rate by about 12 percent and in the end diminish smoking-related passings by 10 percent. Study Shows Drop in Smokers In the primary quarter of 2017, the national gathering Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada (PSC) discharged its wellbeing review on 2000â€2014 tobacco use in Canada. During this period, there was a general 1.1 million drop in the quantity of Canadianâ smokers, whileâ the number of smokers ages 15 to 19 additionally dropped however stayed considerable. The level of Canadians who smoked fell by one-quarter, from 26% of Canadians matured 12 or more established to 19%. Over theâ 2000â€2014 study period, theâ majority of individuals ages 20 to 29 who have ever smoked revealed smoking their first cigarette between the age of 15 and 19, while the level of the individuals who announced their first cigarette beyond 20 7 years old somewhat from 7 percent to 12 percent.

The Thirteenth Tale Book Club Discussion Questions

'The Thirteenth Tale' Book Club Discussion Questions The Thirteenth Tale by Diane Setterfield is a rich anecdote about insider facts, apparitions, winter, books and family. These book club conversation inquiries on The Thirteenth Tale will assist you with investigating Setterfields stunningly made story. Spoiler Warning: These book club conversation questions uncover significant insights concerning The Thirteenth Tale by Diane Setterfield. Finish the book before perusing on. Books assume a significant job in The Thirteenth Tale. Talk about Margaret and Miss Winters connections to books and stories. Might you be able to identify with them? What is your relationship to books? Do you concur with Miss Winter that accounts can uncover truth better than essentially expressing it?The two houses in The Thirteenth TaleAngelfield and Miss Winters estateare unmistakable in the story. How do the houses mirror the characters who live in them? What do you think they represent?Why do you think Margaret obeyed Miss Winters summons?Miss Winter inquires as to whether she might want to hear an apparition story. Who are the phantoms in the story? In what ways are various characters frequented (Margaret, Miss Winter, Aurelius)?Why do you think Margarets sisters passing influenced her so significantly? For what reason do you think she had the option to move past it toward the finish of the novel?After Mrs. Dunne and John Digence pass on, Miss Winter says the young lady in the fog develops. Did you accept that Adeline had developed? If not, did you presume the genuine personality of the character? When did you first presume Miss Winters genuine personality? Is it accurate to say that you were astounded? Thinking back, what pieces of information did she give you?Do you think Adeline or Emmeline was spared from the fire?What is the importance of Jane Eyre to the story?Do you think it is more earnestly to leave well enough alone or admit the total truth?Were you happy with the manner in which the story finished for different charactersAurelius, Hester, Margaret?Rate The Thirteenth Tale on a size of 1 to 5.

Key Lessons from the Gettier Paper

The Gettier paper is a conversation of information and its relationship with genuine conviction. The paper has a few key exercises that show that reality with regards to information ought not be founded on evident conviction alone.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Key Lessons from the Gettier Paper explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper takes a gander at three distinct ideas that one may consider when attempting to demonstrate that the information they have is valid. Gettier contends that all the three ideas that individuals use to show that the information they have is genuine are in reality exceptionally off-base. The principal key exercise that one gets from the paper is that one can know something and trust it as evident when it really isn't accurate. This originates from the way that some information that individuals get are false. Gettier gives the case of S and P, while S is an individual and P is a suggestion. Gettier contends that there are three things identified with information that one needs to consider if S knows P. He clarifies further that on the off chance that S knows P, at that point P is valid. The subsequent thought is that in the event that S knows P, at that point S accepts that P is valid. The last thought is that in the event that S knows P, at that point S is legitimized in trusting P. A model that can be refered to for this is if John, who is a youngster, has consistently been informed that children originate from paradise, this is the information that he accepts is valid. He may likewise accept that this information is genuine on the grounds that he realizes it is valid. John is likewise legitimized in accepting that kids originate from paradise since he was informed that it is valid. In spite of this, the information itself is in reality bogus. Gettier contends that it is highly unlikely of knowing reality of the bit of information until the information is tried. The second exercise from the Gettier paper is that one may accept that some information is genuine dependent on some proof that they have. Gettier clarifies that despite the fact that one may have some proof that can make a suggestion valid, it could even now be false.Advertising Looking for article on theory? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He clarifies this idea with the case of John and Smith. John accepts that Smith has a Ford. This depends on the proof that John has seen Smith driving a Ford on numerous events, or possibly Smith has given John a ride in the Ford. Regardless of this solid proof, Gettier clarifies that the suggestion that Smith claims a Ford can be bogus in light of the fact that Smith may have leased the vehicle, in this way the vehicle isn't his own. A third exercise that can be concluded from the Gettier paper is that of epistemic karma. He clarifies that there are times when one thinks something, utilizing the proof they have a nd despite the fact that they may not so much know it, what they accept may really be valid. For instance, if a man who perpetrated a wrongdoing was to escape from jail and the police approach his better half for his whereabouts, the spouse would give them a rundown of spots she figures he may have gone. Obscure to the spouse of the convict, one of the spots where she referenced ends up being the specific spot where the criminal is. These exercises that Gettier gives show that information ought not be founded on reasonable genuine conviction alone. He contends that there are times when this conviction may give genuine information; in any case, the odds for this are negligible. This is the thing that he calls the epistemic karma. The Problem of the Criterion The Problem of the Criterion can be basically characterized as a trouble in characterizing information. The Problem of the Criterion comes about in light of the fact that it is illogical to guarantee that one knows the attributes and components of recognizing genuine information when they can't characterize information itself. There are two primary components that one needs to consider while talking about the Problem of the Criterion. The principal issue is that occurrences of information can be recognized just if the included knows the measures for distinguishing genuine information. The subsequent issue is that the standards of distinguishing genuine information must be acknowledged by recognizing the occurrences of genuine information. This turmoil is the thing that causes the Problem of the Criterion.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Key Lessons from the Gettier Paper explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Problem of the Criterion goes connected at the hip with Gettier’s contention that information can't be founded on obvious conviction alone. In the event that, for instance, the electric chime in a school was to ring once at 12:30 PM consistently, at tha t point numerous understudies and instructors the same will realize that it is 12:30 PM each time the ringer rings. The electric ringer is typically set with a clock. On the off chance that, for instance, the clock was to stop at 12:30 PM on Monday and the chime rings at that specific time on Tuesday, at that point the understudies and the educators would realize that it is right. In any case, the chime could likewise ring at 11 or at 2 because of brokenness. Everybody, accidentally, will accept that it is 12:30 PM. They will possibly understand that the chime is defective on the off chance that one checks their watch, or if the ringer rings twice around the same time. With respect to the Problem of the Criterion, the above model shows that it is outlandish for anybody to guarantee that the ringer is defective in the event that it rings at precisely 12:30 PM, despite the fact that it had halted. It is just conceivable to state the chime is broken on the off chance that it rings prio r or later than expected and somebody checks an alternate watch. The main situation where the chime is flawed and somebody puts together it with respect to their instinct is a case of knowing the examples of information without knowing the models of information. The second piece of the model where one checks an alternate clock to affirm the time is a case of knowing the rules of information so as to know the cases of information. It is a lot simpler for somebody to accept the second piece of the model where one checks an alternate clock to know the time than for one to accept the initial segment of the model where one uses instinct. Methodism and Particularism are two of the arrangements that are given in managing the Problem of the Criterion. Methodism is the suspicion that one definitely knows the rules of information, in this manner they can recognize the occasions of information. Particularism, then again, is the supposition that one would already be able to distinguish the occu rrences of information, in this way they can clarify the standards they used to recognize the examples of information. The two arrangements have their favorable circumstances and disadvantages.Advertising Searching for article on reasoning? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More One disservice of Methodism is that it is almost difficult to clarify the rules of information without expressing the occurrences of information. An impediment of Particularism is that one needs to characterize information to distinguish the occasions of information, and this is a piece of the Problem of the Criterion. This article on Key Lessons from the Gettier Paper was composed and put together by client Danny Garrett to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Free Essays on Eminem And Influence

I plan on inquiring about the impacts of rap on today’s youth. As Glenn Collins clarifies, â€Å"the impact of rap is currently obvious in the nation’s language, music, design and advertising† (C15). I additionally plan on examining the impacts of good clean verses that Will Smith utilizes, contrasted with the disgusting and rough verses of past rap specialists, for example, Tupac Shakur and Chris Wallace a.k.a. Infamous BIG. I got mindful of this point since I tune in to rap music. I own 20 rap CD’s. I got worried about rap verses awful impact when Tupac Shakur and Notorious BIG were killed in the 1990’s. Will Smith is likewise my preferred rap craftsman, since he doesn't utilize irreverence and savagery in his verses. As per Smith, â€Å"Good rap doesn't need to be vulgar† (qtd. in â€Å"Fresh Prince† 17A). I am likewise keen on learning the impacts of unclean rap verses on today’s youth. There should be further examination on this, since this significant subject appears to have some how blurred in the course of the last five to ten years. As per Terry Teachout, â€Å"the genuine substance of rap, no one discussions about it much any longer it appears to be far, far longer then seven years back that Bill Clinton made political feed by assaulting Sister Souljah-and it likely could be that the sickening abundances of criminal rap have become as untrendy as Austin Power’s wardrobe† (14). We have to check whether rap verses are in certainty influencing our childhood and how rap craftsmen like Will Smith, can be a decent good example. â€Å"And similar individuals who go out and state rap is negative, they don’t come and take a gander at a portion of the great gatherings that are out there, who are doing positive things† (Williams C1). Will Smith is about the main rap craftsman not utilizing irreverence in his rap verses. Is Will Smith having an effect on today’s youth with his perfect verses? The enormous â€Å"in† thing twenty or thirty years prior was rock and roll. By what method will individuals recollect rap quite a while from now? ... Free Essays on Eminem And Influence Free Essays on Eminem And Influence I plan on looking into the impacts of rap on today’s youth. As Glenn Collins clarifies, â€Å"the impact of rap is currently obvious in the nation’s language, music, design and advertising† (C15). I additionally plan on examining the impacts of good clean verses that Will Smith utilizes, contrasted with the indecent and savage verses of past rap craftsmen, for example, Tupac Shakur and Chris Wallace a.k.a. Famous BIG. I got mindful of this point since I tune in to rap music. I own 20 rap CD’s. I got worried about rap verses awful impact when Tupac Shakur and Notorious BIG were killed in the 1990’s. Will Smith is additionally my preferred rap craftsman, since he doesn't utilize obscenity and brutality in his verses. As per Smith, â€Å"Good rap doesn't need to be vulgar† (qtd. in â€Å"Fresh Prince† 17A). I am additionally keen on learning the impacts of unclean rap verses on today’s youth. There should be further examination on this, since this significant subject appears to have some how blurred in the course of the last five to ten years. As indicated by Terry Teachout, â€Å"the genuine substance of rap, no one discussions about it much any longer it appears to be far, far longer then seven years back that Bill Clinton made political roughage by assaulting Sister Souljah-and it likely could be that the sickening overabundances of hoodlum rap have become as untrendy as Austin Power’s wardrobe† (14). We have to check whether rap verses are in actuality influencing our childhood and how rap craftsmen like Will Smith, can be a decent good example. â€Å"And similar individuals who go out and state rap is negative, they don’t come and take a gander at a portion of the great gatherings that are out there, who are doing positive things† (Williams C1). Will Smith is about the main rap craftsman not utilizing obscenity in his rap verses. Is Will Smith having an effect on today’s youth with his perfect verses? The huge â€Å"in† thing twenty or thirty years prior was rock and roll. By what means will individuals recall rap quite a while from now? ...

Fun House is Not a Home - Literature Essay Samples

Fun Home is an autobiographical graphic novel by American author and cartoonist Alison Bechdel. It follows the story of her maturation, growing up in Pennsylvania, moving out of the house, and coming to terms with her sexuality. In the process, she discovers some surprising secrets that her family had been hiding from everyone, including each other. Bechdel uses this piece to argue that the structure of the home is a reflection of the family and a way for the family unit to express itself. This particular family uses their home to hide and to create a facade that disguises their problems from the rest of the world. The decision to tell this story as a graphic novel helps to paint a more complete picture for it’s audience. Bechdel recreates photographs, and entire locations, refers to old diary entries, she even mimics her former handwriting and the wallpaper of her childhood home. She goes as far as to imitate her father’s penmanship, which she calls, â€Å"one of the crazier rabbit holes [she] went down on this project (Chute).† She goes to some extreme lengths to preserve the authenticity of the graphic novel and the accuracy of this retelling seems to be of grave importance to Bechdel. However, she is looking at her childhood through adult lenses, which inadvertently changes the way she sees things. Bechdel even calls Fun Home a â€Å"revision† of her history (Tison). While all her reference material adds credibility to her story, the memories may not be completely accurate and could have warped and shifted over time. In general, a house is a reflection of its residents. From the architecture to the accessories, one can tell a lot about the family that lives in it. Architect Lindsay Daniel says, â€Å"there is an intimate relationship between your visual taste and your values.† Suggesting that we can learn something about a person by the way they keep their space. Perhaps subconsciously, we judge each other quickly, with what little knowledge we have of them, before figuring them out and learning anything deeper. We look at the way they dress, the way they keep their car, the organization of their work and that snap judgment can also extend to residencies. Even different building materials can evoke different feelings. Carlos Raul Villanueva, a famous Venezuelan architect, makes an example out of concrete and calls it a, â€Å"symbol of the construction progress of a whole century, submissive and strong as an elephant, monumental like stone, humble like brick.† Something as simple as the building material can speak for the house and sends a message about the people living inside without even making mention of its contents. Bechdel makes reference, more than once, to her father’s specificity and high expectations for their house’s upkeep. Bruce Bechdel carefully selects each piece in the house and takes good care of them. He has a passion and an eye for design that he extends not only to his own house but to the houses he restores as well, which are a hobby and an outlet for him. He also employs his children to help take care of the house. In chapter one, while doing chores, Bechdel says, â€Å"I grew to resent the way my father treated his furniture like children and his children like furniture (Bechdel).† It’s not typical of a child to enjoy doing chores but it seems that Bruce takes these tasks to the extreme, expecting every aspect of the house stay perfectly tidy and, it seems to Alison, that this tidiness is at the expense of his kids. If the home is a reflection of the family living inside it, then it’s clearly important to Bruce that he and his family are perce ived to be put-together and nearly perfect. This overcompensation may stem from Bruce’s secret of being a closeted homosexual and his desire to keep that information private. He wants to create the impression that he and his family are perfect by making his house perfect. Bechdel makes many allusions to other famous works throughout this story. She does this to help the audience better understand her history and her childhood through works with which the audience may already be familiar. Bechdel may also reference these materials not only for the reader’s benefit but because they help Bechdel herself better understand her existence, her family, and her relationships. Time and time again, she compares events in her life to those of Greek tragedies. However, one reference that particularly stands out is the comparison of Bechdel’s family to the Addams family. She points out her mother’s likeness to Morticia, the way a bat occasionally flies into their home, and the similarities in the family businesses. The most significant comparison Bechdel makes is their homes. In chapter two, Bechdel writes about her Addams Family comics saying, â€Å"the captions illuded me, as did the ironic reversal of suburban conformity here were the famil iar dark, lofty ceilings, peeling wallpaper, and menacing horsehair furnishings of my own home (Bechdel).† In this passage, Bechdel acknowledges that her family is unusual and nontraditional without saying so. She goes a roundabout way by implying the Addams Family is nonconformist and her family is like the Addams Family. She does this again when she compares her features to those of Wednesday Addams in the form of two side-by-side pictures, even acknowledging they have the same lamp, which in this case is a form of self-expression. She then describes Wednesday as a â€Å"worried girl.† Bechdel is using Wednesday as a catalyst to express her own feelings and the Addams Family in general as a stand-in for her own. Additionally, the Addams Family is a somewhat autobiographical story of the creator’s, Charles Addams’s, own family, which may serve as inspiration for Bechdel to turn her own life into a cartoon. The title of Fun Home comes from the nickname the Bechdel family has given to their family funeral business. However, it could also be a reference to a fun house, as in an amusing room of trick mirrors and slanted floors, usually found at an amusement park. The mirrors that are featured in fun houses don’t show a perfect reflection of how things are, they instead show twisted and warped interpretations of a subject, making them appear fat or short or upside down. Bechdel depicts mirrors in many of her illustrations throughout Fun Home, but only in stories of her childhood. Mirrors are featured prominently in her childhood house. Bruce and Helen Bechdel try to keep up a perfect image of their family and of their home but things are not at all what they seem from the outside. When looking into their seemingly perfect lives, what is reflected is a carefully crafted version of how they want to be perceived. In addition, telling this story many years removed from the actual events makes things from the past look different, warped and misshapen over time, likely resulting in a false retelling. The artist Lydia Davis, calls this â€Å"autofictionalography,† coining a term for the blurry and creative space between fiction and recollection (Freedman).† In Fun Home, Alison Bechdel uses her childhood home as the backdrop for her story about growing up. It’s unclear whether or not the house really has the same details and energy that Bechdel writes about or if her memories have changed due to her new knowledge and understanding of her family in her adult years. Memories change over time but Bechdel keeps it as accurate as she can by calling on family photographs, handwriting samples, and actual journal entries from her childhood. Regardless of the accuracy of her house, a home can say a lot about the family living inside and the Bechdel’s home says they are perfect, while in reality, they’re full of shame and have something to hide. The house serves as a representation of the family and highlights all the things they are hoping to disguise.

Community and Environmental Healthcare - 550 Words

Community and Environmental Healthcare (Research Paper Sample) Content: Infectious Disease Trends Name Institution Instructor Date Introduction Infectious diseases are the conditions that are caused by living organisms such as viruses, fungi, parasites, and bacteria. Some of the actions of the bacteria and viruses are beneficial to the body. However, at specific conditions, the presence and action of these organisms in the bodies may cause diseases. Understanding diseases present within the community allows public health nurses to prioritize health promotion and disease prevention strategies. The writer will evaluate the infectious diseases in the lens of the epidemiology, outbreak, incidence, and prevalence. The author will define the role of the nursing community in the epidemiology of the infectious conditions. The writer will evaluate the infectious diseases locally, statewide, and nationally. The paper will evaluate the most current infectious diseases according to the healthy people 2020 and evaluate the evidence-based practices of reducing the infectious diseases. Definition of epidemiology, outbreak, incidence, and prevalence The most infectious disease as have been indicated by the World Health infection are African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), with the occurrence being about 450, 000 cases annually. The condition is most prevalent in Africa and some parts of Asia and is spread by tsetse fly. The second prevalent infectious diseases are cholera that is spread by contaminated water and unclean sanitary conditions. The condition is most prevalent in India, some parts of Russia, and in the sub-Saharan Africa. The third leading infectious disease in the United States and in the globe is Cryptosporidiosis. The condition is waterborne and is spread by contaminated water from the source, usually by the feces of infected humans and animals. The fourth infectious disease is Dengue that is spread by the bite if a specific breed of the mosquito. According to the WHO, 50 million cases of the fever are reported annually. The fifth infectious disease prevalent in the US and the globe is the three types of Hepa titis. The conditions are infections of the liver that are caused by the hepatitis virus. The three categories of condition include hepatitis A, B, and C. The three conditions have more than 500 million reported cases with the 350 million cases of the hepatitis A being unable to rid themselves of the condition completely. The conditions are prevalent in the US and in the entire globe (Infoplease.com, 2016). The role of nursing within epidemiology The nursing community plays a critical role in the prevention of the occurrence of the infectious diseases. The community nurses work in collaboration with the public to ensure the health of the environment and eliminate the chances of the development of the unclean condition that fosters development of the diseases. The community nurses work in collaboration with the members of the community and the healthcare providers in managing, treating, and controlling the spread of the diseases. The nursing community identifies the incidences and work in collaboration with the other medical providers and the public to set up quarantines in the event of outbreaks. The nurses educate and create awareness to the community on the observation of the best hygiene and living conditions to eliminate the incidences of the infectious diseases (Bauer, Hall Sato,ÂÂ  2013). Current infectious diseases locally, statewide, and nationally The most prevalent infectious diseases in the US include the three types of Hepatitis, Dengue, Malaria, and Cryptosporidiosis. The three types of Hepatitis are significantly prevalent in the US with the estimated more than 20 million new cases reported each year. Hepatitis A is the most common and serious case of the three types and contributes larger portion of the hepatitis cases than the other two types combined. Cryptosporidiosis is among the leading infectious condition at the state level with about 3.6 million cases reported each year. Dengue is also a leading infectious condition in the US. The condition has about 4 million new cases reported annually. Malaria that is spread by the mosquitoes is also among the leading infectious conditions in the US with the annual reported cases estimated to be 23.5 million (Health.ri.gov, 2016). Three of the most current infectious diseases with Healthy People 2020 objective The three leading infectious diseases accordi...

Analysis Of George Orwells The Green Arrow

The person I chose for this paper is Oliver Queen. He is also known as Green Arrow, and is a character in the DC Comics franchise. Oliver’s alter-ego, Green Arrow, rose to popularity recently with the television show Arrow that premiered on television in 2012. I chose Oliver because he is a fascinating character, and is much more than the millionaire playboy that people only know him as in his universe. Oliver is smart, caring, and has suffered a lot in his life. Based on the diagnosis standards of the DSM-5, my primary diagnosis for Oliver would be posttraumatic stress disorder, with a secondary diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Oliver has a lot to discover about his past and hopefully this will give insight to his character.†¦show more content†¦(â€Å"Lone Gunmen†, 2012) Symptoms Among the symptoms in the DSM-5 for posttraumatic stress disorder, Oliver displays most (if not) all of them. He frequently has flashbacks to his time on the island, which show him in a various situation that is traumatic in nature. Oliver also consistently has nightmares, this symptom being defined by the American Psychological Association (2014) as: â€Å"Recurrent distressing dreams in which the content and/or effect of the dream are related to the traumatic event(s).† Oliver has other characteristics that would support this hypothesis. He tends to avoid any topics that would be discussing his time on Lian Yu, or anything else that would remind him of the traumatic events that have occurred in his life. This would be explained as avoidance or attempting to avoid activities, places, or anything else that reminded one of their trauma (American Psychological Association, 2014). Once returning from the island, Oliver becomes withdrawn from his family and friends and does not se em eager to be around people, displaying the symptom of â€Å"socially withdrawn behavior†. (American Psychological Association, 2014). Oliver’s responses to his trauma have been showing themselves since the first episode, titled â€Å"Pilot† (2012). In this episode, he experiences a nightmare and almost kills his mother when she tries

1950-1960 Essay - 1699 Words

1950-1960 During the 1950s, the United States experienced great change with the end of World War II, making it difficult to label the busy decade. America was the most powerful nation in the world and it was a time of complacency. The United States accepted two new states, Hawaii and Alaska (www.fifties.com). The science world boomed with new inventions; televisions broadcast nationally; rock n roll was popular; commercial hotel and fast food chains became common; the car industry exploded; vaccinations for measles and polio were discovered; and birth control pills were introduced (Layman VII). Another event in the 1950’s was the ratification of the 21st Amendment, which limited presidents to two terms in office. The 1950s baby†¦show more content†¦America also had incredible weapons, so awesome that they could destroy civilization, military leaders, and ultimately convinced other countries of their military superiority (Layman VII). Although America was the dominant nation, other countries were contributing to Americas growth and success. In 1955, Israel requested military aid from the United States to counteract the Soviet aid Egypt was receiving. This request confirmed just how powerful the United States military was during the 1950s era. Also, the reopening of Vienna State Opera House, after almost being destroyed by bombs and shells in the war, symbolized how the world bounced back from a devastating war (Layman 10). In addition to the Opera House reopening, fifty-nine nations contribute to the United States Trade Fair in New York. Many countries attempted to reach agreements and come to understanding with one another (Layman 15). Another example of attempted world peace was the Communist-sponsored World Youth Festival in East Berlin. It consisted of 500,000 youths from all over the world united to learn different cultures other than their own. This portrayed the large American youth population getting invol ved with other countries attempting to learn and accept other cultures (Layman 5). During the 1950’s, all of Europe tried to recover from World War II. Germany separated into Western and Eastern Germany. Eastern Germany was given to Russia. WhileShow MoreRelatedThe 1950s and the 1960s900 Words   |  4 Pages The 1950s and the 1960s had many similarities, though they had many differences as well. Their similarities and differences include: the politics, the economy, the society, and the culture of both decades. In the 1950s, North Korea moved into South Korea and began a civil war between the two parallel countries. The reason for this dispute was the border lines as well as guerrilla fighting in the South, which created a greater tension on the issue. The reason why the U.S entered the Korean War wasRead MoreHow and Why Did American Popular Culture Influence Australian Society in the 1950s and 1960s? To What Extent Did Australia Develop its Own Response to these Influences?1595 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1950s and 1960s were times of unprecedented change, a nd Australian society was influenced greatly by American popular culture, through various mediums, such as: music, film, television and fashion. This especially affected teenagers. It will be explained how Australian society was impacted by American popular culture, and also why American popular culture had such an affect. Australian developed its own responses to these influences, and the extent of this will also be explored. The 1950s meantRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The 1950s And 1960s1183 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will discuss the impact of the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s on the lives of African-Americans in that period. The Civil Rights movement refers to the movement which aimed to remove racial discrimination and segregation and improve the social, political, legal, and economic rights of black people in America . Although slavery had been abolished with the end of the Civil War , the â€Å"Jim Crow† laws kept black people and white people segregated from each other and the votingRead More1950s and 1960s: A Decade of Fashion and Fabrics2054 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Introduction The era of 1960s was the era of extensive change throughout the world of fashion and also the one that generated ideas and images which are still present as modern as todays contemporary fashion. Fashion previously had aimed to a specific market of wealthy and mature elite but now-a-days, the tastes and preferences of young people are at the focus. The decade started with the dominance from the Parisian designers who dealt with very expensive haute couture garments. The women apparelRead More The Influence of American Culture in the 1950s and 1960s in Canada538 Words   |  3 Pagesborder (the United States) have been captivating the Canadian audiences by large. American media has had a momentous revolutionizing effect on Canada, even through efforts made to define Canada with its own cultural identity. Pop culture in the 1950s and 1960s began to spread and infest the nation from front to back through radio shows, books and magazines, television programs, and even motion pictures. Whether it is culture in terms of political affairs, clothing or the latest musical sensations, theRead MoreThe Black Freedom Movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s2001 Words   |  9 PagesFor my essay, I have chosen to discuss the statement â€Å"The Black Freedom Movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s captured the attention of millions†¦ As American Americans started streaming into American cities, or what American corporations call â€Å"†major markets† U.S. businesses sought to influence the consumption patterns of these increasingly important black consumers.† I have chosen to discuss this title because I believe it had an extremely rich and interesting background to it as well as being ableRead MoreThe Independent Record Labels of the 1950’s and 1960’s4437 Words   |  18 PagesThe Independent Record Labels of the 1950’s and 1960’s History of Music Production Eric Eller Throughout the 1950’s and 1960’s, a wave of new musical movements by independent record labels and new artists emerged in the United States. This movement is captured in the stories of those label creators and owners, and in the turbulent journey through their successes and failures. The first emergence was fueled by multiple factors: competitive economic circumstances, up-and-coming local musicalRead MoreAmerican Youth in the 1960s1593 Words   |  6 Pagesrapidly since the influx of immigrants that came here before the Revolution. The 1950s were a happy time. I Love Lucy and Leave It To Beaver were on television. The Everly Brothers, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley were popular acts in music. The youth movement of the 1960s was necessary in order for America to progress in social, political, economic, and technological ways that could further America from the 1950s into a new era of personal identity and freedom of expression. It was a timeRead MoreAmerican History, Gender Equality And Gender Exploitation971 Words   |  4 Pagesthat she cannot budget her time, so someone must do it for her. He clearly is encouraging the 1950’s theme of women being weak or not smart enough to do tasks on their own. Then you have I Dream of Jeannie, which premiered in the late 1960’s. I Dream of Jeanie’s premise was to be a more magical and whimsical comedy. Unfortunately, it continued with the underlining stigma of degrading women from the 1950’s. Here you have an all-powerful women with magical powers, but is undeniably devoted to herRead MoreThe Different Impressions of People About the 1960s Essay783 Words   |  4 PagesThe Different Impressions of People About the 1960s During the 1950s to the 1960s there was many changes in society. Many dramatic events of the twentieth century happened in the sixties, such Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space, Cuban missile Crisis, and John F Kennedy’s assassination. The Vietnam War and the first men on the moon,but the sixties was blamed for many things going wrong in society For teenagers the sixties was a great time for them, they could

Article On Online Casino Bonuses - 1862 Words

Article 13 – Your casino bonus questions answered Odds are you’ve been living under a rock if you haven’t come across at least one casino bonus advertisement as of late. They are sold to players as free money and the perfect tool to start gambling online with. While they can be that when used properly, in some instances online casino bonuses can be a little confusing, especially to new players. The following answers those regularly asked questions and explains casino bonuses in more detail. How do I get hold of a casino bonus? For all that they’re promoted, very little is known about how to get your hands on a casino bonus. In many cases it isn’t all that complicated. After doing your research and finding a suitable online casino, read through the terms and conditions of the bonus before going through the standard registration form. Following that, make your initial deposit and in many cases your bonus will be ready and available to use within 24 hours. What is a wagering requirement? When you look through the terms and conditions of an online casino one thing will stand out, that being the wagering requirement. Getting hold of a casino bonus certainly isn’t rocket science, but figuring out the ins and outs of the wagering requirement can be. The whole purpose of the wagering requirement is that it makes it hard for players to walk away with the money they win. The actual requirement is usually listed as a number (i.e. 10x, 20x, 30x, 40x, or higher) and it will relateShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of 19 - Playtech Brings Its Games1542 Words   |  7 PagesArticle 19 – Playtech brings its games and software to Norwegian shores They are one of the leading names in the world of online casino game development and regularly feature on casino portals throughout the world. Playtech has forged a reputation for quality in the online casino world and they are now bringing such reputation to the shores of Norway. After much deliberation, Playtech have claimed the rights to provide content to Norway’s state-owned gaming operator. Many within the industry considerRead MoreWhy Casino Bonuses Better?2401 Words   |  10 PagesArticle 17 - Want to understand casino bonuses better? Then read on! They’re everywhere, they’re constantly being promoted, and odds are they’ll be something that you’re already familiar with. If you want to gamble online you are going to face new offers on a near daily basis. They can be confusing at times, but casinos bonuses are always going to be a great way to get the ball rolling when it comes to casino betting. The following breaks down casino bonuses and explains their ins and outs in moreRead MoreArticle 42 - Live Casinos Vs. Land Based Casinos2456 Words   |  10 PagesArticle 42 - Live casinos vs. land-based casinos One is the new age of casino gaming, while the other is classic casino gaming at its finest. Live casinos and land-based casinos definitely divide opinion amongst gamblers, but which is better? In today’s digital age can land-based casinos really compete? Have live casinos made them irrelevant? Land-based casinos They have been around for over 100 years and have even been the subject of several Hollywood blockbusters. When you think of The MirageRead MoreKeyword : Best Bingo Sites Reviews Essay1007 Words   |  5 Pagesworld’s Best Bingo Sites Reviews before to begin playing online. What are the Best Bingo Sites Reviews Online? There are millions of online bingo review sites available in the market today. Players are spoilt of getting too many choices when it comes deciding upon which games ensure maximum payout. Each country has a dedicated set of review sites, apart from this there are sites that include reviews about all the top online bingo casinos offering bingo free. Best Bingo Sites Reviews – USA, UKRead MoreRaising Your Game With These Professional Casino Tips2397 Words   |  10 PagesArticle 4 - Raise your game with these professional casino tips Myths and rumours go hand in hand when it comes to online casinos. The feeling that the games against you or your lucks not in because of ulterior powers is something that every gambler feels at least once in their life. Let me tell you now, success is not something that is predetermined, it comes about through skill. The following are online casino tips direct from the professionals that can help you raise your game and banish awayRead MoreArticle 4 : Coral Casino1859 Words   |  8 PagesArticle 4 – Coral Casino Review Run by Gala Interactive and a mainstay within the Gala product family, Coral Casino is a Gibraltar licensed and regulated online casino. The aforementioned is a basic explanation of what Coral Casino is, but if you want to get a true feel for what they offer players you are going to have to dig a little deeper. Bonuses and Promotions Coral Casino understands that it is bonuses and promotions that draw players in, so in such department they certainly don’t disappointRead MoreHow Can You Make Your Free Spins Bonus Count?1749 Words   |  7 Pagesany other business, casinos need to make a profit, which all comes about by attracting new customers. If casino managers had it their way, it would be impossible to win, which means more money for the casino and hardly a penny for the hard working players of the world. This approach would be useless in business; however, as it is the slim chance of winning that attracts gamblers in the first place and subsequently keeps them coming back for more. Players these days choose casinos with better odds ofRead MoreArticle Review : Casino Bonuses1799 Words   |  8 PagesArticle 4 – Casino bonuses – What’s in it for online casinos? From the moment you visit Google and input the term â€Å"online casino†, you are going to presented with page after page of casino bonuses, all of which offer you the chance to â€Å"win big† and â€Å"play for free†. While it is great to see the online casinos working hard to draw in new customers, questions have to be raised about the legitimacy of these â€Å"free play† offers. Reason being because if they are what they say they are, how can the onlineRead MoreWhat Really Lies Behind The Infamous Casino Bonus1859 Words   |  8 PagesArticle 1 - What really lies behind the infamous â€Å"casino bonus†? If I walked up to you in a casino offered you  £200 to gamble with would you take it? Of course you would! In reality, who wouldn’t jump all over a free money offer? Well this is exactly how online casinos behave towards new customers, as they do their best to get anyone and everyone wrapped up in the chance of playing with â€Å"free† money. If you are reading this article you have probably encountered a casino bonus that you are thinkingRead MoreMy Experience At Las Vegas1777 Words   |  8 PagesArticle 7 – Want to make your casino bonus count? Then read this! Everyone loves a â€Å"freebie† and in most cases freebies don’t come any bigger than the famed casino bonus. My very first experience of the casino came over ten years ago when some friends and I paid a visit to Las Vegas, while there I spent countless hours at the blackjack table. I knew a bit regarding the basic strategy, so I definitely fancied my chances. After giving it my all I found myself burned by the whole experience, Las Vegas

The Invasion Of Cuba During The Bay Of Pigs - 2281 Words

The story of the unsuccessful invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs, that is located on the southern coast of Cuba about 95 miles southeast of Havana, was one of miscommunication, mismanagement, and horrible execution (Bay of Pigs 378). The responsibility for the failed invasion falls right on the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) and a president by the name of John F. Kennedy. The intention of the invasion was to assault communist Cuba and put a halt to Fidel Castro. Ironically, 39 years after the Bay of Pigs, Fidel Castro is still in power. It is important to look at why the invasion first took place and then why it failed. It is important to learn from history’s mistakes. The reason I chose this topic was because of how significant it†¦show more content†¦The main issue with Communism this is that one person who is very wealthy can be stripped of a majority of his wealth so that another individual can have more material goods and be considered his equal. The key reason for the Bay of Pigs attack on Cuba was for the radical change to communism. On 1/1/1959, Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista escaped the country for the safety of the Dominican Republic (Goode, Stephen 75). Allowing Fidel Castro and his guerrilla soldiers to overthrow the previous government dictated by Batista. In just the next couple of weeks, Castro was able to establish a new government, and on 2/16/1959, he was officially stated as premier (Finkelstein, Norman H. 127). The United States at first accepted this new regime because it was a relief from the corrupt, harsh, and unpopular government of Fulgencio Batista. Shortly after everything settled down, Castro took advantage of his situation and made a rapid move to change Cuba’s political course. He broadcasted his transformation to Marxism-Leninism and declared his friendship with the Soviet Union (Goode, Stephen 75). These actions upset the US and there were growing concerns about Castro becoming too powerfu l. One reason was that the friendship Castro had with the Soviet Union was proving to be damaging because Cuba was receiving armed forces to improve and expand its army. Cuba was receiving 31,000 tons of arms a year, which included SU-100 assault guns, Soviet JS-2 51-ton

Arts And Crafts Essay Introduction Example For Students

Arts And Crafts Essay Introduction Another great thing is that people have different opinions about what is beautiful; by creating something myself, can let some one else see how perceive everyday life. Expressing oneself is important. Couldnt imagine going through my life being unable to let people know how I am feeling. Want people to see what I envision because it is beautiful to me. Might be able to make someone see something they wouldnt have seen before. I can direct the viewer through my piece, making them see exactly what was them to see, without even being there. When I look at someone elses art they can make me pay attention to something wouldnt eave seen before. The act of doing art opens up my mind, It lets me think about everyday things that I would normally push aside. In todays world where everything is so fast paced that it is hard to slow down enough to see the simpler part of elite. Creating something takes a lot bethought. Crocheting requires a lot of math. Have two Afghans made by hand. There was a lot of math involved! It was fun and in the winter it is useful too! Now that everything is done on computers, people dont feel like they need to take the time to do anything by hand. There are machines that do everything from making pictures to making blankets. Everyone has a different opinion of beautiful, just as everyone sees different things. Had a teacher once who told me that life is like an eggplant, everyone sees something different when they look at it. The lesson there was that everyones perception is different. Oppose it is just like a voice, every one needs to be heard. This is my way Of letting people hear me. This is probably one of the best reasons I would recommend arts and crafts as a fantastic hobby. It not only expands my mind, but it does the same for Others as well. When am doing art, get time to myself. For some reason people dont like to bother me when am in that state of mind. I am relaxed and everything around me is tranquil. Serenity finds me and just cant help myself. Et time t o think about everything that has happened, sort it out, and come to conclusions that please everyone. Its like give my mind time to file everything in their appropriate files in a filing cabinet. Art is a time consuming hobby. Since my life is so busy it is probably the only alone time have to process my thoughts, When show people projects from my portfolio, they always say that they are so pretty, but they never believe they can do the same, believe that anyone can do it. It is also good way to show ones personality. I recommend it as a hobby because it allows one to express oneself, it sets aside some thinking time, and it gives people a chance to look at what I see what others see. Art is about enjoying _expression. It is a beneficial way to spend time relaxing and having fun.

About Me Essay Example For Students

About Me Essay My culture, Hinduism, and race, Indian, have been the most influential characteristics in my life. These two characteristics combined also influence my other characteristics such as my age and sex. In America, my age restricts me from doing many things; but coming from a Hindu background brings me many more responsibilities along with my age. My sex prohibits me from achieving many life goals that other people would have no problem achieving. My ethnicity and culture have had a very big impact on my social life. Learning that I was different from others was an experience that I will remember for the rest of my life. I learned about one of my dominant characteristics in the second grade. One day in class, Steven Vogel cut out little red dots for me because I did not already have one on my forehead. He also howled like an American Indian and did a rain dance for me. That day, I realized that I was different and I would have to live with it for the rest of my life. I lived in a southern town of Florida near the border of Alabama where many people were not open to other races; so I would have to get used to the taunting. At that time, I realized that I am Indian. Growing up, everyone wants to be in the ?in-group.? Being an Indian Hindu girl, I was told not to go out. I was not allowed to go to football games, school dances, or any other after-school functions. No matter how much we want to be in the popular group in high school, most Indian children belong in the group between the ?in-group? and the ?nerds.? Hindu parents usually do not let their children go out because they believe their children will be corrupted. For example, I really wanted to go to my senior prom, but I was not allowed to. I was not even allowed to get a job like a normal teenager. This summer I asked my parents if I could so that I could save up for college. My father did not let me get a job because I had to stay home to learn how to cook. Females have very little advantages in my culture. We are not allowed to be too educated. If a woman is too educated, she is basically considered to be no good, modern, too independent and an instigator of family problems after marriage. The belief that girls should not be allowed as much freedom and independence as men hinders other women, from achieving many of our life goals and me. With age I have many responsibilities and restrictions. Most of my restrictions come from living in America. I am not yet allowed to vote. I am not given many job opportunities: I w ent to the mall a week ago to find a job but most of the stores require their employees to be eighteen. Another restriction that my ethnicity, along with age and sex, brings is marriage. A good Indian girl is engaged by the age of twenty-one or twenty-two. I am only seventeen years old, but I am expected to know how to cook and clean because this is the prime age when the adult ?matchmakers? observe me. I expect my life in the future to include being a housewife. I approve of the concept of housewives, but I would like to be more educated. The times have slowly been changing. I am a first generation Indian-American and I have more privileges than my parents did. Because of the changing times, I may be able to fulfill my dreams of becoming a doctor. The typical Indian, Hindu family instills the importance of respect and morals into their children. I have learned to appreciate all of the values that my parents have taught me while growing up. This is a big privilege because when I loo k out in the world, I see families who teach their children to hate or do not teach their children the significance of respect. I was taught also to especially respect my teachers. Many people, however, do not have that same respect. I am proud that I have had the chance to learn and grow up with the values and principles that are taught by Hinduism. I also consider arranged marriages to be a privilege. When taking world history in high school, my peers would constantly ask how I could have an arranged marriage. They made it sound as if it was something bad. My parents have raised me and I believe that they know what is best for me. They know what I need anSociology Essays .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed , .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed .postImageUrl , .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed , .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed:hover , .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed:visited , .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed:active { border:0!important; } .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed:active , .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u73de0ffe45cd2d42a8d2609f9e4ea1ed:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Holocaust (2127 words) Essay

Native Literature Written By Natives Essays - English Words

Native Literature Written By Natives It is unfairly noted that Native Literature written by Natives offends many readers with its discussion of the first-hand social ills affecting fellow Natives. However, the typical stories of Euro-Canadian relations constructed outside the Aboriginal thought imprisons all Aboriginals into stereotypes which obscure and distort their very real experiences. The obligation of the Native artist is to remain grounded in cultural soil and ideals, which is determined by Euro-Canadian standards, while at the same time establishing a foundation of justice and truth within the context of their work. Ian Ross has addressed many of these social ills in his play fareWel. Using humor, characterization and personal experience Ross depicts reserve life from outside the Euro-Canadian perspective, as being hopeful despite the blatant despair and antagonism reserve life contains. The Partridge Crop Reserve in Manitoba is a fictional place where the fictional characters Melvin MacKay, Sheldon Traverse, R achel Traverse, Phyllis Bruce, Teddy Sinclair, and Robert Traverse, become muses through which Ross uses to convey poignant information about the need for social reform for social ills. The representation of the treatment of Native women throughout history has been from a one-sided view. Either they were seen as unequal or as royalty, resulting in being branded as squaws or Indian Princess by the people who adhere to the Christian point of view. Ross seems to understand this falsehood and attempts to rectify it with the creation of the characters Phyllis Bruce and Rachel Traverse. They are both reserved based Native Women, who lived a hard and fast life, but respect the church, however they are neither squaws nor Indian Princesses. Phyllis is a single-parent who was beaten by her husband but attempts to use this experience to strengthen Rachel by saying, You can hide in the roof here OK? That's where I used to hide so I didn't get beat up (pg.66). There are few options for Native, u neducated, and single-parent women and Phyllis chooses to use her mind to fight the struggle which emphasizes the significant role woman as mothers and providers are forced to play. Also throughout the play Phyllis is constantly looking for a way to feed her kids while in the same thought explores how to feed a church full of people with sardines and moldy bread (pg.66). This highly illustrates that despite the obvious misfortune that Phyllis is entwined in she stills feels compelled to do her duty to her church, her friends, and herself. Phyllis is the symbol of strength for her enduring and overcoming. Rachel was created to emphasize the insurmountable difficulties that Native women face, first as being the Native woman, and second, for being unable to achieve economic or social value. She relays this message to the reader when she states, ?and when I left here I realized what I was?A woman. A Native woman. With no education. No money. No future. (pg. 68) In order to gain economic value she had to prostitute herself due to the lack of adequate means to legitimate opportunities. It is a horror that is greatly misinterpreted by her fellow Natives for instance, Teddy constantly refers to her as a hooker (pg. 58) or a slut (pg.59), which only proves that the spirit of a native woman can never be broken. In her desperate attempts to gain economic freedom she was unfairly judged and subsequently lost social status. Although Rachel yearns to leave the reserve it is her deep sense of hope that the reserve will overcome the turmoil that keeps her there. Her welfare check also keeps her in a constant reality check because without it she is forced to resort to being the whore(pg.59) It is Rachel and Phyllis that truly define the meaning of hope with their conquests for self betterment. The essence of this play is captured by its ability to add comic relief in its context through each characters unique disposition. But, it is Nigger with his abnormal actions, thoughts a nd appearance, which brings humor to the play the most efficiently. Our first experience with Nigger is when Animush (pg.22) attacks him leaving him with an open scar and torn jeans. The humor lies in the image of Nigger who

Model Persuasive Essay From Fourth Grade

Model Persuasive Essay From Fourth GradeOne of the best ways to demonstrate your knowledge and expertise is to write a persuasive essay. A persuasive essay can be a simple, personal statement about yourself or a much more in-depth analysis of a topic. Most college admissions officers want someone who can write persuasively.There are different methods for writing a persuasive essay. Some are free and others cost money. The free methods do not require anything except a computer and the ability to type. It can take hours to complete a persuasive essay.Another option is to hire a professional writer, but it costs money and it takes time. If you want to write a persuasive essay on your own you may have to buy a book or hire someone else to write it for you. You can find free persuasive essays on the Internet. You just have to do some searching to find the right one.Many colleges and high school students write essays to win admission to their college. They get advice from admissions office rs on how to write a persuasive essay. Colleges usually hire people to write persuasive essays and often they are hiring graduates of the school to write essays on subjects that relate to the school.One of the best samples for a persuasive essay comes from the fourth grade. The four-year-old starts writing about his or her experiences in school with special attention to her success.When she writes about herself in the fourth grade, she is still using common vocabulary words, like 'are'was.' She talks about things like a hot dog bun and how it got to be so big. She knows that there are many hot dogs and she only wants to be a hot dog.One of the most persuasive uses of words is to ask a rhetorical question. This is when a writer asks a question and then follows up with a response. For example, the writer says, 'Who doesn't want to be a hot dog?'Writing a persuasive essay about the fourth grade is very useful and can help you with writing your own. You can ask for help from a third par ty if you want to or you can just read the four-year-old's essay. Either way, you will get an advantage from her experience.

eaters of the dead essays

eaters of the dead essays In his novel, Eaters of the Dead, author Michael Crichton shows how the Volga Northmen were able to defeat their foes, the wendol, by using their intellect instead of their weapons. This is seen in four aspects. The theme of the novel is that physical courage is not enough to preserve your culture and lifestyle: intelligence and superior knowledge are absolutely essential. Conflict between the wendol and the Northmen shows which group has the intelligence to eliminate the other. Symbolism of wisdom, knowledge, and the lack of such things are used by Crichton to illustrate this moral. The juxtaposition of characters emphasizes the cleverness of the Volga Northmen compared to the Venden Northmen. The theme of the story is that applying intelligence and knowledge is essential in order to keep ones culture alive. A good proof of this is the lack of knowledge of Ahmad Ibn Fadlan, the narrator of the story. He is an Arab who "knows nothing of the ways of the world" (p. 77) because he has never truly experienced the world before that day, since he does not care for adventure. Having no experience with the world and having no knowledge, Ibn Fadlan slowly learns the Northmens way of life. In the end, felt he "had been born a Northman" (p. 152), having spent much time in their company and is no longer the coward he was when he started the trip. His lack of knowledge causes him to be a coward in battle, since he will be battling frightening, mysterious creatures. A better proof of this is that the wendol acts as if they are animals, which are unintelligent. The wendol makes "a low grunting sound, like the rooting of a pig" (p. 97), "have hair as long as a hairy dog" (p. 99), and wear the heads of dead animals as masks. They act as if they were brainless and cannot think of ways of attack on the Northmen. The only thing they can think of when they are losing is to retreat. Their ignorance to provide more guards at the second entrance...

A Study On Factors Affecting Demand Tourism Essay

A Study On Factors Affecting Demand Tourism Essay Noteworthy factors affecting demand categories are the economy with matters ranging from the exchange rate to job losses.Politics,the growth in size of the EU,environment and taxation.Crisis and threats including earth quakes,epidemics and terrorism.Demographic change with a shifting age structure,effects of migration and the rise of educational levels.Technology and it effects on transportation,communication and information.There is the change in consumer attitudes and for the industry itself,product standardization,the growth of information channels,and pricing strategies. The realisation of effecting a holiday is dependent in large part on the individual’s economic position and freedom to make the journey.External factors proving influential to this need would be freedom,fitness,time and money.The behaviour trend comprises of a host of factors including an internal state of mind relating to the motive and inherent abilities.Emerging factors may be useful to examine as they will become somewhat predictable and constant to their evolution.Power for market concerns lies with the consumer.The prospective tourist. The enlargement of the EU is especially important.Its size has grown some 25%,its population by some 20% and the GDP by 5%.The general process of political maturation spanning over twenty years has influenced changing tourism demand.Media coverage influences a seed bed of latent interest in the recently inaugurated members of the community.Most prospective travellers are now able to see the world as their oyster.The holiday destinations therefore have become intensely competitive.Yet barriers to immediate progress remain especially for the countries of Eastern Europe.Here low investment rates,undeveloped infrastructure for the countryside,a poor transport system with third rate hotels and cuisine capped by weak tourism marketing. Image is a vital ingredient to the tourist destination.Their is prevailing ignorance of the ‘newly acquiredâ₠¬â„¢ countries.Destinations are chosen usually by motive matching.Here the enlargement of the EU has remarkably little affect on the consumer.So it is that only a transformation in marketing strategy management is going to improve matters.There will be significant change for the EU in source markets and the upswing of a rising welfare.The impulses undoubtedly come from the South and East with the traditional source markets such as Germany being saturated. Demographic considerations have made their appearance and are now featuring as a focus to online debates and deliberations.Society consists of an older population with increasing life expectancy;and there is a decline in the number of children because of an increased proportion of the population divorcing and living separately.Traditional family patterns are dissolving.Also becoming influential is a rise in educational levels,the changing role of women in society and a more vibrant society due to admixture from migratory patterns.Y et tourists,people,are not going to alter their travel behaviour as they turn 60 or because of retirement.Patterns are adhered to originating from earlier years.Because of this it is possible to cater for future requirements in tourism for such a population.The generation of ‘baby boomers’is likely to be pro-active in their endeavour to engorge themselves on their prospective travel horizons.There will be senior trips accommodating to individual tailoring.Take Germany as an example.The age group of 70-80 will rise more than 50% by 2018.Alterations of family numbers will become slow in maturation but this allows the industry to maintain orientation and supply a strong focus for needs and expectations of destination.Older people are becoming increasingly involved with their younger forebears and this will require adjustment.Factors to consider here are higher spending,longer stays,and other destination choices.The kids trip being a standard incurs its own behaviour patter n.More flight trips and usage of more tour operators.Playmates will be needed so this is another feature that the destination will have to meet.It is clear therefore that the changing nature of demography has impacts that will reflect in tourism demand.

Architectural acoustics Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Architectural acoustics - Lab Report Example As far as the engineering is concerned, sound production has far-reaching implications on the environment. Sounds are pressure vibrations that travel in mediums such as gases, liquids and solids. The most common type of sound perceived by human ear is that which travels through air. Sound could be constructive or unconstructive. However noise is generally regarded as unwanted and destructive sound. In work environments or even in home setting, it is preferred that noise should be reduced effectively since it can affect the ability to work, concentration and rest. These noises range from loud music, traffic and building services (air ducts, pumps etc.) to neighbor activity. Noise production is still rated as one of the serious rampant forms of environmental pollution. Noise pollution continues to affect human health, as well as behaviors. Noise pollution has the can trigger annoyance, as well as aggression. Noise is also associated with high stress levels, disturbance of sleep, hypertension and tinnitus. It is worth noting that stress and hypertension are among the current serious threats to human health. Loud noise can also trigger cardiovascular diseases, resulting from increased blood pressure caused by noise. Noise does not only affect human beings, but also other organisms. For example, noise can affect wildlife by increasing the death risks by triggering an incapability of the predators to detect the prey. Introduction of noise in the new ecosystem can also reduce the portion of a usable habitat by either scaring away organisms or threatening them to extinction through the harmful consequences. Thus, process of curbing noise pollution is critical In this regard, curbing the amount of noise has been one critical area for engineers in their quest for sustainable development and production processes. Environmental engineers have defined the ability to control sound in a closed environment as Architectural Acoustics. Designers and engineers have studied

Impact of globalization on the cultural environment of business China Essay

Impact of globalization on the cultural environment of business China - Essay Example China’s economy has shifted from being developing to being the fourth largest economy in the world. This is attributed to the high capital flows across its borders and hence, globalization. Globalization has had substantive impact on the business environment in Chinese organizations. The following paper critically investigates and analyses globalization’s impact on the cultural business environment in Chinese organizations. Globalization is viewed differently by economists and business leaders. According to Lui, Anti-globalists views capitalize on the cons of this phenomenon which include employment insecurity associated by production shifts. Another major minus of globalization is pay cuts due to increased competition associated to opening up local markets to global competition. Lastly, global companies are associated with social injustices in their business practices and unfair working conditions such as slavery and mismanagement of the environment. Pro-globalists maintain a strong view that globalization lead to higher standards of living. They argue that competitive markets lead to more efficiency in resource utilization, elimination of monopoly markets and how it promotes democracy all over the world. To understand what net impact globalization has, it is vital to appreciate that globalization refers to a process based on the formation of a single market of goods, services and factors of productions, including capital, labor, technology and natural resources, covering all the economic regions of all countries. The two main aspects which led to the sudden transformation were sophistication in information technology field and innovation of internet. In this process, national and international markets are combined in to a single complex whole. In the world economy, globalization lead to an increased dependency on different

There is always room for pie. :: essays research papers

There Is Always Room For Pie   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout my life my parents have always taught me that a child is a product of its environment. As time has passed and I have grown older and observed the people around me I have seen this fact become more evident. I believe that no one person can mimic another’s actions or behaviors so precisely that they become identical. A person’s personality seems to be an infinitely large empty pie plate. The actions or behaviors that people portray are a small slice that they have taken from others to fill up their plate. These actions and behaviors are taken from the influential people in their lives. I do not think any one will ever have a full pie plate because it seems to me that we never stop learning new behaviors from people around us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I have began to talk with my mom more and more through the years I have found her constantly telling me that I act or sound â€Å"just like my father†. Whenever I do or say something around my mom I wait to hear those four words, and it seems that she says them about every four minutes. Even though I mimic many of my father’s actions and behaviors, am I my father? In my mind I do not think I could ever be my dad. I do know why I emulate him so much, because I look up to him. Quite a few sons say that sort of thing about their fathers. Even though it is a generic saying it seems to bring a unique feeling each time it is said. I am glad that I am able to take large pieces from my dad’s personality pie and add them to mine. It does not mean that I have not take anything from my mother’s, it just appears to me that a son imitates more of his father and a daughter imitates more of her mother. I know that this is a sexist statement, but in my observations I have found this to be exceedingly true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What things make up the pieces of the personality pie that we copy? A good example would be self-concept/self-image. Self-concept is a person’s impressions, opinions and attitudes toward their physical, mental and emotional makeup. My father had always been a physically strong person. My physical strength that has come from him, as well as body shape, is more genetic than personality.

Electronic Commerce

Electronic Commerce – often shortened to E-commerce – is the name given to selling and buying things using the Internet. E-commerce is important because: – * Many people now have Internet connections. Information about goods and services for sale can be put on the World Wide Web. Setting up a company website and doing business through it can be a lot more cost effective than using purely traditional shops. * Companies can have a national or even international customer â€Å"reach† with a website. * People do not leave their homes to shop using E-Commerce. * The costs of delivery of goods are low and many carriers are available. * People can find exactly what they need without hunting round shops or phoning around. Traditional Business Practices Many people have an aspiration and have the resources to go out and do traditional shopping Traditional business practises are easy to exploit and cheap to do for example marketing is a lot more easy to exploit as you generally have a idea who you target audience is You can look at your product try it out and even negotiate lowering the price Advantages for e-commerce disadvantages concerning traditional business practices * Larger market and more options for consumers. This creates more market competition, thus driving down prices and forcing better retail practices. * Don't have to leave home and fight traffic†¦delivered to door * In many cases, a larger selection is available. * Consumers are able to research a product and its competitors more thoroughly before purchase and compare many prices from different retailers. * No sales tax. * Open 24 hours a day / seven days a week, which is very beneficial to those who can not find time to go to a store and for those who just want to shop whenever they feel like it. * Do not have to deal with the sales atmosphere. * Friendlier: no rude salespeople who ignore customers * Can find what you are looking for a the touch of a button – sizes, colours, etc Disadvantages for e-commerce advantages concerning traditional business practices * Waiting for a shipment to arrive in the mail * Shipping Charges * Lack of confidence in personal information transfer on-line * Ease of fraudulent retailers and sites. The fluctuation and instability of Internet retailers makes it difficult for new retailers to establish a reputation because many do not survive. Therefore, there is a lack of confidence that exists in trusting Internet retailers. * Lose the traditional shopping experience and the instant gratification that many really enjoy. * Lack of taxes reduces the tax revenues that states and cities might otherwise collect from traditional retailers. * Traditional retail stores are at a disadvantage to Internet retailers due to the lack of Internet sales tax. * Many are still to computer-illiterate to take advantage of this avenue of commerce * KNOWLEDGE OF D.P.A The law is catching up with the online world. The progressive migration of business to the web is forcing reappraisal of intellectual property rights and their protection, and clarifying the meaning of intellectual property in a connected world. Any customer purchasing or using goods or services has certain rights through legislation and regulation of which impact upon their relationship with the organisation selling the products and service. The implication of the customer rights will be different for manufacturers compared for example with a retailer under the trade description 1968 and 1972 any description of goods and services given by a person acting in the trade or business should be accurate and not misleading failure to do so is a criminal offence. The sale of goods act 1979 places obligation on the buyer and seller on products and services. The seller of goods must ensure the goods are they own legal ownership. Products are of merchantable quality. Fit for the person for normal use meets the description and are delivered on time. The customer once agreed to buy a product has entered a contart with the seller and obliged to pay for the price agreed at the timeof contract. If the goods are faulty, the customer has a r ight for a full refund. If the fault is identified to the customer at the time of contract the customer cannot cause a case Customers have no rights if they change their minds about goods or damage goods themselves Manufacturer guarantee may add to customer right under the supplier and seller act 1982 any goods supplied under contract must confirm to terms and conditions under the consumer protect 1987 people injured by faulty or defected goods have the right to sue The Data Protection Act 1998 and the Internet The new Data Protection Act 1998 came into force on 1 March 2000. The Act has received considerable publicity, both because its ambit is wider than its predecessor, the 1984 Data Protection Act is, and because of the greater and more flexible powers given to the Data Protection Commissioner and to individuals to enforce the Act. The Act has significant implications for the Internet and for e-commerce in particular. As the European Commission Working Party on data protection commented: ‘The Internet is not a legal vacuum. Processing of personal data on the Internet has to respect data protection principles just as in the off-line world'. Obtaining consent Under the new Act, it is often necessary or advisable for ‘data controllers' (organisations which obtain, store, or use personal data about an individual) to obtain the individual's consent to these activities. What amounts to consent in cyberspace is a difficult, largely unresolved issue. The more serious the consequences of data processing for the individual, the more careful the organisation must be to ensure that the individual is in possession of any information which he or she requires to give not just consent, but ‘informed' consent. This information should be provided in a way, which is clear, prominent, and easily accessible. If the information is scattered over various disparate website pages, informed consent may not have been given. E-commerce traders must think carefully about whether, in each case, failure to click on an ‘opt-out' box will be sufficient, or whether a specific ‘opt-in' box should be provided. Obtaining consent from minors is a difficult area for e-commerce traders, particularly those retailing goods or services, which are attractive to children and teenagers, such as computer games. The Data Protection Registrar has indicated that, as under-18s cannot generally be bound to a contract under English law, they can also not be deemed to have consented to the processing of their personal data. However, can a third party, even a parent or guardian, consent to processing on behalf of a minor? In addition, how does an organisation know when it is dealing with a minor in cyberspace – no tell-tale handwriting here! The US government has adopted a Children's On-line Privacy Protection Act, which deals with the point expressly, but there is no indication that the UK government intends to address the issues in a similar way. Privacy policies Many companies have adopted a ‘privacy policy' or ‘statement' which is published on their website as a useful way of addressing data protection issues. Privacy policies typically state who the data controller is, what personal data is being collected, and what will happen to it, in particular to whom data may be transferred. A privacy policy may also give information about the right to opt-out of direct marketing; details of any mechanism for individuals to update or amend their personal data; information about the use of ‘cookies' and invisible data capture; and a disclaimer for third-party sites linked to the website. To be effective, it is important that privacy policies are clear, prominent, and easily accessible from relevant pages. If you rely on a privacy policy alone to demonstrate that the subject has consented to precessing, then you should take steps to ensure that they must scroll through the page before providing their data. Invisible data capture Concerns have been raised about the data protection implications of invisible data processing during web browsing. For example, many companies use techniques which gather information about a website visitor, such as their IP address, the type of browser and operating system they use, and previous sites they have visited. This information has been described as a ‘clicktrail' about an individual, recording the pattern of their Internet use. There is some debate as to whether this information, which is largely anonymised, qualifies as personal data. The European Commission Working Group adopted a bullish view in its 1999 Recommendations, regarding IP addresses, for example, as personal data. Website owners wishing to make use of invisible data capture metyhods are advised to bring them within their data protection procedures. Website hosts Often an external host or web manager will oversee the running of the server on which a website is hosted. For the purposes of the Data Protection Act 1998, the commercial entity which ‘owns' the website will normally be the ‘data controller' in relation to personal data obtained via the website, whereas the host will be a ‘data processor' processing data on its behalf. Under the new Act, data controllers are liable for processing undertaken on their behalf by such data processors. The data controller must actively police the data protection procedures of any person processing data on its behalf, and must enter into a written contract with its data processors, requiring them to maintain certainty security measures and to process personal data only in accordance with instructions. Extra-EEA transfer Website proprietors must pay particular attention to the eighth data protection principle, concerning the transfer of personal data outside the European Economic Area. Initially, there was concern that merely sending e-mails, which, for example, may travel from one side of London to the other via the United States, would frequently infringe this principle. However, the Data Protection Commissioner distinguishes in recent guidance between the ‘transfer' and ‘transit' of data, and states that, provided an electronic transfer of data starts and ends in an EEA country, the principle will not be infringed. Conclusion As with many provisions of the new Act, the distinction between ‘transfer' and ‘transit' of information is ambiguous and uncertain. The Data Protection Registrar has said that she appreciates the difficulties in understanding and applying the new Act. To begin with, therefore, she is unlikely to enforce the new provisions to the letter, if data controllers try to comply with the spirit of the Act. However, given that it will ultimately fall to the courts to decide what amounts to compliance, and that individuals may now police processing themselves, those dealing with personal data on the Internet must take the new rules very seriously. Legal Issues Under UK law, consumers have the same rights as in any other forms of trade. The government are also striving to change existing laws to help to clear up any ambiguity in current law to help e-commerce and ultimately consumer protection across the Internet. So, if you are unfamiliar with any of the following laws and regulations, now is the time to find out. * The Data Protection Act 1998 * The Consumer Protection Act 1998 * British Codes of Advertising and Sales Promotion * The Distance Selling Regulations 2000 * The Unfair Contract Act 1977 and 1999 regulations * The sales of Goods Act 1979 * The Consumer Credit Act 1974 * The Trade Descriptions Act 1968 Qualify your intentions In 1999, the government set up a self-regulatory scheme to develop and enhance confidence in UK e-commerce. Its aim was to act as a symbol of good web trading via an agreed â€Å"minimum standard† for online trading. For the small business, this can mean that you are accredited as â€Å"good† online e-service. This organisation is known as TRUSTUK. For any company who has been accredited by TrustUK can display the TrustUK hallmark on their website. For the small business, this gives credibility and can boost consumer confidence greatly. TrustUK have also linked up with other organisations who also offer accreditation for websites adhering to set TrustUK standards, these are known as â€Å"code owners†. If your small business takes many issues similar to the ones discussed, then you should have no problem gaining accreditation. To find out more visit the TrustUK web site The impact of technological innovations on e-commerce The Internets potential for e-commerce The evidence supporting e-commerce growth and potential can be staggering when one considers the accomplishments in this field just over the last few years. The potential impact, and issues surrounding, e-commerce and the practising accountant. E-commerce is seen as a major area of growth over the next few years and virtually every well-known retailer is developing some form of web presence, for example WHSmith has recently launched an online book selling service. In addition, there are a number of high profile web-only retailers such as Amazon.co.uk. The commercial viability of these ventures is yet to be established, although stock market values would have us believe they will be highly profitable. One of the main factors seen by many as holding back the further and faster development of e-commerce, certainly outside the high profile names, is the lack of trust by consumers in the on-line retailer. This covers issues such as the existence of the company, the delivery of goods ordered, the ability to return unsatisfactory goods and perhaps, most importantly, the security of personal information and credit card details. A number of specialist organisations now attempt to provide assurance to consumers, on some or all of the trust issues outlined above. When a business meets the qualifying criteria established by such an organisation, it may display a seal of approval on its website. The consumer is able to click on the seal to obtain further information regarding the meaning of the seal. One such seal is CPA Web Trust (www.cpawebtrust.org). The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants developed this product. The Institutes of Chartered Accountants in the UK and Ireland have obtained a licence to cover these territories. To obtain a Web Trust seal, a business will be subjected to an audit, by an accredited firm, of its business processes and security issues. Where the Web Trust criteria are satisfied a seal (which must be renewed on a quarterly basis) will be issued. ACCA investigated fully the benefits of obtaining a Web Trust licence to enable its firms to offer this service, but the decision was taken that this was not appropriate for a number of reasons: The cost to the professional body of obtaining a licence from AICPA/CICA Research carried out by the European Consortium for Web Assurance and Trust (ECWAT) group (in which ACCA participates) indicates that in business-to-consumer e-commerce, the well-known traditional retailer or web retailer has a large advantage over the unknown retailer, even where the unknown retailer carries a seal. This would indicate that outside much specialised markets the client might need to have a significant profile built through marketing to make e-commerce viable. These clients are unlikely to be common to small practices ECWAT research indicates that consumers would place significantly more reliance on a seal provided/backed by a Consumer Union/Association than by an accountant Carrying out a Web Trust audit requires the firm to obtain a licence, undertake training and have a level of technical expertise that may not exist, now The US experience suggests that Web Trust has not yet taken off as a service despite it having been available for around 18 months. Recently there were 18 organisations on the list of current Web Trust sites – of these, four are professional accounting bodies There are competitors to Web Trust, which potentially will be in a very strong position. For example, Entrust Inc is focusing on the issue of digital certificates to vouch for the authenticity of sites. This is being done in conjunction with the browser technology of Microsoft, AOL and Netscape. These browsers will automatically recognise Entrust.net website certificates when visitors connect to a site The Consumers Association has launched a which? Web Trader seal which is designed to offer assurance to consumers and unlike the Web Trust seal is issued free of charge. Further details can be found at http://www.which.net/webtrader/index.html. Given that ACCA is not able to offer members the Web Trust licence, how should members become involved in e-commerce? It is clear that e-commerce is a growing market, but it is expected that the principal area of growth will not be a consumer buying over the internet (although this market will be substantial) but in the area of business-to-business transactions. The business to business market may not have the same issues relating to trust, as businesses are likely to look to form on-going relationships, and there are already established means of making electronic payments. It is unlikely that businesses will move to payment with order, as is the case with much business to consumer e-commerce. A likely scenario is that important customers will want to be able to order online, check stock availability, prices and delivery times and be confident that the order will be delivered as expected. The accountant could play an important role in advising his/her client on this transformation, by assisting in areas such as integration with existing accounting records and processes, ensuring security and back-up procedures are maintained properly, and generally that efficient and best use is made of information technology. A 1 Cycles is Committed to developing e-commerce and enabling practitioners to participate in this exciting market. Look out for further developments in future issues of In Practice. Electronic Commerce Electronic Commerce – often shortened to E-commerce – is the name given to selling and buying things using the Internet. E-commerce is important because: – * Many people now have Internet connections. Information about goods and services for sale can be put on the World Wide Web. Setting up a company website and doing business through it can be a lot more cost effective than using purely traditional shops. * Companies can have a national or even international customer â€Å"reach† with a website. * People do not leave their homes to shop using E-Commerce. * The costs of delivery of goods are low and many carriers are available. * People can find exactly what they need without hunting round shops or phoning around. Traditional Business Practices Many people have an aspiration and have the resources to go out and do traditional shopping Traditional business practises are easy to exploit and cheap to do for example marketing is a lot more easy to exploit as you generally have a idea who you target audience is You can look at your product try it out and even negotiate lowering the price Advantages for e-commerce disadvantages concerning traditional business practices * Larger market and more options for consumers. This creates more market competition, thus driving down prices and forcing better retail practices. * Don't have to leave home and fight traffic†¦delivered to door * In many cases, a larger selection is available. * Consumers are able to research a product and its competitors more thoroughly before purchase and compare many prices from different retailers. * No sales tax. * Open 24 hours a day / seven days a week, which is very beneficial to those who can not find time to go to a store and for those who just want to shop whenever they feel like it. * Do not have to deal with the sales atmosphere. * Friendlier: no rude salespeople who ignore customers * Can find what you are looking for a the touch of a button – sizes, colours, etc Disadvantages for e-commerce advantages concerning traditional business practices * Waiting for a shipment to arrive in the mail * Shipping Charges * Lack of confidence in personal information transfer on-line * Ease of fraudulent retailers and sites. The fluctuation and instability of Internet retailers makes it difficult for new retailers to establish a reputation because many do not survive. Therefore, there is a lack of confidence that exists in trusting Internet retailers. * Lose the traditional shopping experience and the instant gratification that many really enjoy. * Lack of taxes reduces the tax revenues that states and cities might otherwise collect from traditional retailers. * Traditional retail stores are at a disadvantage to Internet retailers due to the lack of Internet sales tax. * Many are still to computer-illiterate to take advantage of this avenue of commerce * KNOWLEDGE OF D.P.A The law is catching up with the online world. The progressive migration of business to the web is forcing reappraisal of intellectual property rights and their protection, and clarifying the meaning of intellectual property in a connected world. Any customer purchasing or using goods or services has certain rights through legislation and regulation of which impact upon their relationship with the organisation selling the products and service. The implication of the customer rights will be different for manufacturers compared for example with a retailer under the trade description 1968 and 1972 any description of goods and services given by a person acting in the trade or business should be accurate and not misleading failure to do so is a criminal offence. The sale of goods act 1979 places obligation on the buyer and seller on products and services. The seller of goods must ensure the goods are they own legal ownership. Products are of merchantable quality. Fit for the person for normal use meets the description and are delivered on time. The customer once agreed to buy a product has entered a contart with the seller and obliged to pay for the price agreed at the timeof contract. If the goods are faulty, the customer has a r ight for a full refund. If the fault is identified to the customer at the time of contract the customer cannot cause a case Customers have no rights if they change their minds about goods or damage goods themselves Manufacturer guarantee may add to customer right under the supplier and seller act 1982 any goods supplied under contract must confirm to terms and conditions under the consumer protect 1987 people injured by faulty or defected goods have the right to sue The Data Protection Act 1998 and the Internet The new Data Protection Act 1998 came into force on 1 March 2000. The Act has received considerable publicity, both because its ambit is wider than its predecessor, the 1984 Data Protection Act is, and because of the greater and more flexible powers given to the Data Protection Commissioner and to individuals to enforce the Act. The Act has significant implications for the Internet and for e-commerce in particular. As the European Commission Working Party on data protection commented: ‘The Internet is not a legal vacuum. Processing of personal data on the Internet has to respect data protection principles just as in the off-line world'. Obtaining consent Under the new Act, it is often necessary or advisable for ‘data controllers' (organisations which obtain, store, or use personal data about an individual) to obtain the individual's consent to these activities. What amounts to consent in cyberspace is a difficult, largely unresolved issue. The more serious the consequences of data processing for the individual, the more careful the organisation must be to ensure that the individual is in possession of any information which he or she requires to give not just consent, but ‘informed' consent. This information should be provided in a way, which is clear, prominent, and easily accessible. If the information is scattered over various disparate website pages, informed consent may not have been given. E-commerce traders must think carefully about whether, in each case, failure to click on an ‘opt-out' box will be sufficient, or whether a specific ‘opt-in' box should be provided. Obtaining consent from minors is a difficult area for e-commerce traders, particularly those retailing goods or services, which are attractive to children and teenagers, such as computer games. The Data Protection Registrar has indicated that, as under-18s cannot generally be bound to a contract under English law, they can also not be deemed to have consented to the processing of their personal data. However, can a third party, even a parent or guardian, consent to processing on behalf of a minor? In addition, how does an organisation know when it is dealing with a minor in cyberspace – no tell-tale handwriting here! The US government has adopted a Children's On-line Privacy Protection Act, which deals with the point expressly, but there is no indication that the UK government intends to address the issues in a similar way. Privacy policies Many companies have adopted a ‘privacy policy' or ‘statement' which is published on their website as a useful way of addressing data protection issues. Privacy policies typically state who the data controller is, what personal data is being collected, and what will happen to it, in particular to whom data may be transferred. A privacy policy may also give information about the right to opt-out of direct marketing; details of any mechanism for individuals to update or amend their personal data; information about the use of ‘cookies' and invisible data capture; and a disclaimer for third-party sites linked to the website. To be effective, it is important that privacy policies are clear, prominent, and easily accessible from relevant pages. If you rely on a privacy policy alone to demonstrate that the subject has consented to precessing, then you should take steps to ensure that they must scroll through the page before providing their data. Invisible data capture Concerns have been raised about the data protection implications of invisible data processing during web browsing. For example, many companies use techniques which gather information about a website visitor, such as their IP address, the type of browser and operating system they use, and previous sites they have visited. This information has been described as a ‘clicktrail' about an individual, recording the pattern of their Internet use. There is some debate as to whether this information, which is largely anonymised, qualifies as personal data. The European Commission Working Group adopted a bullish view in its 1999 Recommendations, regarding IP addresses, for example, as personal data. Website owners wishing to make use of invisible data capture metyhods are advised to bring them within their data protection procedures. Website hosts Often an external host or web manager will oversee the running of the server on which a website is hosted. For the purposes of the Data Protection Act 1998, the commercial entity which ‘owns' the website will normally be the ‘data controller' in relation to personal data obtained via the website, whereas the host will be a ‘data processor' processing data on its behalf. Under the new Act, data controllers are liable for processing undertaken on their behalf by such data processors. The data controller must actively police the data protection procedures of any person processing data on its behalf, and must enter into a written contract with its data processors, requiring them to maintain certainty security measures and to process personal data only in accordance with instructions. Extra-EEA transfer Website proprietors must pay particular attention to the eighth data protection principle, concerning the transfer of personal data outside the European Economic Area. Initially, there was concern that merely sending e-mails, which, for example, may travel from one side of London to the other via the United States, would frequently infringe this principle. However, the Data Protection Commissioner distinguishes in recent guidance between the ‘transfer' and ‘transit' of data, and states that, provided an electronic transfer of data starts and ends in an EEA country, the principle will not be infringed. Conclusion As with many provisions of the new Act, the distinction between ‘transfer' and ‘transit' of information is ambiguous and uncertain. The Data Protection Registrar has said that she appreciates the difficulties in understanding and applying the new Act. To begin with, therefore, she is unlikely to enforce the new provisions to the letter, if data controllers try to comply with the spirit of the Act. However, given that it will ultimately fall to the courts to decide what amounts to compliance, and that individuals may now police processing themselves, those dealing with personal data on the Internet must take the new rules very seriously. Legal Issues Under UK law, consumers have the same rights as in any other forms of trade. The government are also striving to change existing laws to help to clear up any ambiguity in current law to help e-commerce and ultimately consumer protection across the Internet. So, if you are unfamiliar with any of the following laws and regulations, now is the time to find out. * The Data Protection Act 1998 * The Consumer Protection Act 1998 * British Codes of Advertising and Sales Promotion * The Distance Selling Regulations 2000 * The Unfair Contract Act 1977 and 1999 regulations * The sales of Goods Act 1979 * The Consumer Credit Act 1974 * The Trade Descriptions Act 1968 Qualify your intentions In 1999, the government set up a self-regulatory scheme to develop and enhance confidence in UK e-commerce. Its aim was to act as a symbol of good web trading via an agreed â€Å"minimum standard† for online trading. For the small business, this can mean that you are accredited as â€Å"good† online e-service. This organisation is known as TRUSTUK. For any company who has been accredited by TrustUK can display the TrustUK hallmark on their website. For the small business, this gives credibility and can boost consumer confidence greatly. TrustUK have also linked up with other organisations who also offer accreditation for websites adhering to set TrustUK standards, these are known as â€Å"code owners†. If your small business takes many issues similar to the ones discussed, then you should have no problem gaining accreditation. To find out more visit the TrustUK web site The impact of technological innovations on e-commerce The Internets potential for e-commerce The evidence supporting e-commerce growth and potential can be staggering when one considers the accomplishments in this field just over the last few years. The potential impact, and issues surrounding, e-commerce and the practising accountant. E-commerce is seen as a major area of growth over the next few years and virtually every well-known retailer is developing some form of web presence, for example WHSmith has recently launched an online book selling service. In addition, there are a number of high profile web-only retailers such as Amazon.co.uk. The commercial viability of these ventures is yet to be established, although stock market values would have us believe they will be highly profitable. One of the main factors seen by many as holding back the further and faster development of e-commerce, certainly outside the high profile names, is the lack of trust by consumers in the on-line retailer. This covers issues such as the existence of the company, the delivery of goods ordered, the ability to return unsatisfactory goods and perhaps, most importantly, the security of personal information and credit card details. A number of specialist organisations now attempt to provide assurance to consumers, on some or all of the trust issues outlined above. When a business meets the qualifying criteria established by such an organisation, it may display a seal of approval on its website. The consumer is able to click on the seal to obtain further information regarding the meaning of the seal. One such seal is CPA Web Trust (www.cpawebtrust.org). The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants developed this product. The Institutes of Chartered Accountants in the UK and Ireland have obtained a licence to cover these territories. To obtain a Web Trust seal, a business will be subjected to an audit, by an accredited firm, of its business processes and security issues. Where the Web Trust criteria are satisfied a seal (which must be renewed on a quarterly basis) will be issued. ACCA investigated fully the benefits of obtaining a Web Trust licence to enable its firms to offer this service, but the decision was taken that this was not appropriate for a number of reasons: The cost to the professional body of obtaining a licence from AICPA/CICA Research carried out by the European Consortium for Web Assurance and Trust (ECWAT) group (in which ACCA participates) indicates that in business-to-consumer e-commerce, the well-known traditional retailer or web retailer has a large advantage over the unknown retailer, even where the unknown retailer carries a seal. This would indicate that outside much specialised markets the client might need to have a significant profile built through marketing to make e-commerce viable. These clients are unlikely to be common to small practices ECWAT research indicates that consumers would place significantly more reliance on a seal provided/backed by a Consumer Union/Association than by an accountant Carrying out a Web Trust audit requires the firm to obtain a licence, undertake training and have a level of technical expertise that may not exist, now The US experience suggests that Web Trust has not yet taken off as a service despite it having been available for around 18 months. Recently there were 18 organisations on the list of current Web Trust sites – of these, four are professional accounting bodies There are competitors to Web Trust, which potentially will be in a very strong position. For example, Entrust Inc is focusing on the issue of digital certificates to vouch for the authenticity of sites. This is being done in conjunction with the browser technology of Microsoft, AOL and Netscape. These browsers will automatically recognise Entrust.net website certificates when visitors connect to a site The Consumers Association has launched a which? Web Trader seal which is designed to offer assurance to consumers and unlike the Web Trust seal is issued free of charge. Further details can be found at http://www.which.net/webtrader/index.html. Given that ACCA is not able to offer members the Web Trust licence, how should members become involved in e-commerce? It is clear that e-commerce is a growing market, but it is expected that the principal area of growth will not be a consumer buying over the internet (although this market will be substantial) but in the area of business-to-business transactions. The business to business market may not have the same issues relating to trust, as businesses are likely to look to form on-going relationships, and there are already established means of making electronic payments. It is unlikely that businesses will move to payment with order, as is the case with much business to consumer e-commerce. A likely scenario is that important customers will want to be able to order online, check stock availability, prices and delivery times and be confident that the order will be delivered as expected. The accountant could play an important role in advising his/her client on this transformation, by assisting in areas such as integration with existing accounting records and processes, ensuring security and back-up procedures are maintained properly, and generally that efficient and best use is made of information technology. A 1 Cycles is Committed to developing e-commerce and enabling practitioners to participate in this exciting market. Look out for further developments in future issues of In Practice.